日期：2022-08-23 21:44:40
The General House Effect
The green house effect is not a new phenomenon. Scientists have known for centuries that a layer of gases naturally surrounds the earth like an insulating blanket, trapping the reflected energy of the sun and preventing it from escaping into space that is what makes the earth warm enough for people, plants and animals. However, recent human activity has boosted concentrations of greenhouse gases and enhanced their heat-trapping ability. The man culprit is carbon dioxide which scientists estimate accounts for nearly half of global warming.Co2 is released from burning fossil fuels and from clearing and burning forests.
There are other important greenhouse gases too and they cannot be ignored. CFCs, for example, may account for 25 per cent of global warming in the text century if their production is not scaled back. But carbon dioxide is the pivotal one. The UN International panel on Climatic Change now says that Co2 levels could double within in 40 years if present rates of fossil-fuel burning and deforestation continue. That means an average temperature increase between two and four degrees centigrade and a sea-level rise of perhaps a foot by 2050.
No one knows for certain how local weather will change as a result of this warming. But one thing is clear-it will be no picnic. Indications are that the earth will be take place not over thousands of years, but over decades. And it is the speed of the change, which makes the precise impact so difficult to predict.
The most sophisticated com*rized climate models in the US and UK , agree that weather around the world will become more irregular and more extreme. In general, temperatures will become more towards the poles than at the equator. overall rainfall will also increase as higher temperatures boost evaporation from the seas. But the distribution of precipitation will shift. Some areas will become wetter, others will be drier. In middle latitudes, Climate zones will march poles-wards. In tropical and subtropical parts of the third would, warming will be less but the impact on a relatively stable climate will be greater.
Global warming will also cause ocean levels to rise---though not, as popular wisdom has it, due to the Antarctic ice cap melting. If this catastrophe occurs it will not be for at least another century. Instead, sea levels will rise sim* because water expands as it warms. people living in low-lying coastal regions will be in danger. The world’s great river deltas, home to millions in Asia and Latin America and containing some of the Third World’s richest food-growing land, could become brackish graveyards.
6. Which gas is the most responsible for global warming?
A. Carbon Dioxide.
B. CFCs.
C. Green houses.
D. other gases in the atmosphere.
7. What will happen if man continues to burn fossil fuels and forests at present rates?
A. All fossil fuels, like coal, oil and gas, will run out.
B. Deforestation will give rise to the loss of co2.
C. The temperature will increase two to four degrees Fahrenheit.
D. The rise of sea-level will reach about a foot by 2050.
8. Why is the precise impact the global warming will exert on local weather hard to predict?
A. Because the great changes in temperature will take place in just decades.
B. Because the course of changes will last thousands of years.
C. Because people are not sure whether the earth will be warmer than before.
D. Because there are many other factors involved in this change.
9. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The earth, as a whole, will become much wetter.
B. The temperature around equator will rise more than around the poles.
C. The amount of rainfall will be the same from place to place.
D. The weather around the world will be more unusual in the next few decades.
10. It can be concluded that
A. The rise of ocean levels is due to the Antarctic ice cap melting.
B. The temperature increase will take a gradual course.
C. Human beings will have to suffer more from environmental damage.
D. Without greenhouse gases the earth would be extremely hot.
参考答案
6.A
第一段有这样一句话：the main culprit is carbon dioxide, which scientists estimate accounts for nearly half of global warming 从这句话可以看出，二氧化碳是全球变暖的罪魁祸首，对全球变暖负有重大责任。
7.D
联合国的环境变化国际小组告诉我们：如果仍以目前的速度使用燃料并滥伐森林，到2005年，地球温度将会上升2-4摄氏度，海*面也将上升一英尺。所以C是错误的。A文章没有提到燃料是否会用尽。B 滥伐森林不但不会使二氧化碳减少，反而会使二氧化碳越来越多。
8.A
第三段最后一句话告诉我们这道题的正确答案。It is the speed of the change, which makes the precise impact so difficult to predict.地球的温度在十年间就升高了，变化发生的速度如此之快，使人很难预测到地球变暖对当地气候的影响。
9.D
文章的第四段指出：在美国和英国有一个非常复杂的计算机化模型，这一模型得出了世界气候越来越变化无常、越来越不规律这一结论。A一些地方会更加湿润，一些地方会更加干燥，而不是选项中所说的地球整体上会变的更加湿润。B温度在两极的增长幅度大于在赤道的增长幅度， 而不是赤道的温度增长幅度大于两极的增长幅度。C 雨量分布将发生变化，而不是选项中所说的各地的降水量相同。
10.C
文章的末尾告诉我们：环境的污染引起的全球变暖、海*面上升、气候异常以及雨量分布不均，最终给人类带来更多的不幸。A 海*面的上升并不像人们认为的那样是由于南极冰层融化引起的。
Translation
11. Global warming could disrupt the ability of a large portion of the world’s oceans to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, setting off a vicious cycle in which the earth gets even hotter, researchers said.
(set off使爆炸,出发; vicious adj.恶的, 堕落的;researchers said注意翻译顺序)
12. These waters around Antarctica make up 10 percent of the world’s oceans and play a significant role in soaking up carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas seen as one of the main causes of global warming.
(Waters水域;soak up 吸收;注意过去分词短语的翻译)
13. Since carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, scientists believe a growing build-up of the gas would make the environmental problem increasingly worse.
(contribute to起作用，有助于)
14. If global warming continues with increased precipitation in the Southern ocean, there will be more stratification and that will favor diatoms.
(precipitation n.仓促; stratification n.层化, 成层,; diatom n.硅藻属)
15. The study, which took place during a month -long expedition during the Antarctic summer, was also one of the first to show that some types of algae absorb carbon dioxide better than others.
(expedition n.远征, 探险队; algae n.藻类, 海藻)
句子翻译：
11.研究人员表示，全球性的气候变暖可能破坏世界上大部分海洋从大气中吸收二氧化碳的能力，从而引起恶性循环，使地球的气候更加炎热。
12.南极洲周围的这片水域占地球海洋面积的百分之十，在吸收二氧化碳方面起着非常重要的'作用。而二氧化碳被认为是引起温室效应的气体，是导致全球气温升高的主要原因之一。
13.科学家认为：既然是二氧化碳引起了全球气候变暖，那么二氧化碳的不断积累会环境状况进一步恶化。
14.如果全球气候继续变暖，南大洋州的沉淀反应继续增加，海水的层次就将更多。这样有利于硅藻的生长。
15.这项为期一个月的科学考察活动是在南极洲的夏季进行的，也是首批发现某些种类的海藻比其它海藻具有更强的吸收二氧化碳的能力的研究工作之一。
The General House Effect
The green house effect is not a new phenomenon. Scientists have known for centuries that a layer of gases naturally surrounds the earth like an insulating blanket, trapping the reflected energy of the sun and preventing it from escaping into space that is what makes the earth warm enough for people, plants and animals. However, recent human activity has boosted concentrations of greenhouse gases and enhanced their heat-trapping ability. The man culprit is carbon dioxide which scientists estimate accounts for nearly half of global warming.Co2 is released from burning fossil fuels and from clearing and burning forests.
There are other important greenhouse gases too and they cannot be ignored. CFCs, for example, may account for 25 per cent of global warming in the text century if their production is not scaled back. But carbon dioxide is the pivotal one. The UN International panel on Climatic Change now says that Co2 levels could double within in 40 years if present rates of fossil-fuel burning and deforestation continue. That means an average temperature increase between two and four degrees centigrade and a sea-level rise of perhaps a foot by 2050.
No one knows for certain how local weather will change as a result of this warming. But one thing is clear-it will be no picnic. Indications are that the earth will be take place not over thousands of years, but over decades. And it is the speed of the change, which makes the precise impact so difficult to predict.
The most sophisticated com*rized climate models in the US and UK , agree that weather around the world will become more irregular and more extreme. In general, temperatures will become more towards the poles than at the equator. overall rainfall will also increase as higher temperatures boost evaporation from the seas. But the distribution of precipitation will shift. Some areas will become wetter, others will be drier. In middle latitudes, Climate zones will march poles-wards. In tropical and subtropical parts of the third would, warming will be less but the impact on a relatively stable climate will be greater.
Global warming will also cause ocean levels to rise---though not, as popular wisdom has it, due to the Antarctic ice cap melting. If this catastrophe occurs it will not be for at least another century. Instead, sea levels will rise sim* because water expands as it warms. people living in low-lying coastal regions will be in danger. The world’s great river deltas, home to millions in Asia and Latin America and containing some of the Third World’s richest food-growing land, could become brackish graveyards.
6. Which gas is the most responsible for global warming?
A. Carbon Dioxide.
B. CFCs.
C. Green houses.
D. other gases in the atmosphere.
7. What will happen if man continues to burn fossil fuels and forests at present rates?
A. All fossil fuels, like coal, oil and gas, will run out.
B. Deforestation will give rise to the loss of co2.
C. The temperature will increase two to four degrees Fahrenheit.
D. The rise of sea-level will reach about a foot by 2050.
8. Why is the precise impact the global warming will exert on local weather hard to predict?
A. Because the great changes in temperature will take place in just decades.
B. Because the course of changes will last thousands of years.
C. Because people are not sure whether the earth will be warmer than before.
D. Because there are many other factors involved in this change.
9. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The earth, as a whole, will become much wetter.
B. The temperature around equator will rise more than around the poles.
C. The amount of rainfall will be the same from place to place.
D. The weather around the world will be more unusual in the next few decades.
10. It can be concluded that
A. The rise of ocean levels is due to the Antarctic ice cap melting.
B. The temperature increase will take a gradual course.
C. Human beings will have to suffer more from environmental damage.
D. Without greenhouse gases the earth would be extremely hot.
参考答案
6.A
第一段有这样一句话：the main culprit is carbon dioxide, which scientists estimate accounts for nearly half of global warming 从这句话可以看出，二氧化碳是全球变暖的罪魁祸首，对全球变暖负有重大责任。
7.D
联合国的环境变化国际小组告诉我们：如果仍以目前的速度使用燃料并滥伐森林，到2005年，地球温度将会上升2-4摄氏度，海*面也将上升一英尺。所以C是错误的。A文章没有提到燃料是否会用尽。B 滥伐森林不但不会使二氧化碳减少，反而会使二氧化碳越来越多。
8.A
第三段最后一句话告诉我们这道题的正确答案。It is the speed of the change, which makes the precise impact so difficult to predict.地球的温度在十年间就升高了，变化发生的速度如此之快，使人很难预测到地球变暖对当地气候的影响。
9.D
文章的第四段指出：在美国和英国有一个非常复杂的计算机化模型，这一模型得出了世界气候越来越变化无常、越来越不规律这一结论。A一些地方会更加湿润，一些地方会更加干燥，而不是选项中所说的地球整体上会变的更加湿润。B温度在两极的增长幅度大于在赤道的增长幅度， 而不是赤道的温度增长幅度大于两极的增长幅度。C 雨量分布将发生变化，而不是选项中所说的各地的降水量相同。
10.C
文章的末尾告诉我们：环境的污染引起的全球变暖、海*面上升、气候异常以及雨量分布不均，最终给人类带来更多的不幸。A 海*面的上升并不像人们认为的那样是由于南极冰层融化引起的。
Translation
11. Global warming could disrupt the ability of a large portion of the world’s oceans to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, setting off a vicious cycle in which the earth gets even hotter, researchers said.
(set off使爆炸,出发; vicious adj.恶的, 堕落的;researchers said注意翻译顺序)
12. These waters around Antarctica make up 10 percent of the world’s oceans and play a significant role in soaking up carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas seen as one of the main causes of global warming.
(Waters水域;soak up 吸收;注意过去分词短语的翻译)
13. Since carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, scientists believe a growing build-up of the gas would make the environmental problem increasingly worse.
(contribute to起作用，有助于)
14. If global warming continues with increased precipitation in the Southern ocean, there will be more stratification and that will favor diatoms.
(precipitation n.仓促; stratification n.层化, 成层,; diatom n.硅藻属)
15. The study, which took place during a month -long expedition during the Antarctic summer, was also one of the first to show that some types of algae absorb carbon dioxide better than others.
(expedition n.远征, 探险队; algae n.藻类, 海藻)
句子翻译：
11.研究人员表示，全球性的气候变暖可能破坏世界上大部分海洋从大气中吸收二氧化碳的能力，从而引起恶性循环，使地球的气候更加炎热。
12.南极洲周围的这片水域占地球海洋面积的百分之十，在吸收二氧化碳方面起着非常重要的'作用。而二氧化碳被认为是引起温室效应的气体，是导致全球气温升高的主要原因之一。
13.科学家认为：既然是二氧化碳引起了全球气候变暖，那么二氧化碳的不断积累会环境状况进一步恶化。
14.如果全球气候继续变暖，南大洋州的沉淀反应继续增加，海水的层次就将更多。这样有利于硅藻的生长。
15.这项为期一个月的科学考察活动是在南极洲的夏季进行的，也是首批发现某些种类的海藻比其它海藻具有更强的吸收二氧化碳的能力的研究工作之一。
Part D
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.
56) Fathers exposed to poisonous substances are probably just as likely to be the cause of defects in their unborn infants as mothers. Yet it is women who are told to stop drinking and smoking and to look after their health when they are pregnant. And it is women who find that they are banned from jobs where they are exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation.57) Despite a growing body of scientific evidence that a man s exposure to damaging substances can. affect his offspring, pregnant women are still charged with the responsibility of keeping their infants healthy, said Gladys Friedler, of the Boston university School of Medicine. "This is puzzling", she said. "Most of the workforce is still male, so why do we still spend so much time looking at women? The health of men as well as women should be of concern. "
In the US,2,500,000 children are born with birth defects each year. In 60 percent of cases the origin of the defect is not known.58) These figures do not include less obvious problems that appear later in development, such as biochemical malfunctions and behavioral problems.
Many researchers still seem reluctant to contemplate that a man s environment can influence the health of children. "If the effects had not been so obvious, we might still be reluctant to acknowledge the effect of environmental agents on women. " Despite this, there is a reluctance to accept the accumulated evidence of men s effects on development, she said.59) Some companies have already taken steps to "protect the unborn child" by excluding women from jobs where they teps to "protect the unborn child" by excluding women from jobs where they might be exposed to dangerous substances. This has led to some bitter dis*s between the women and their employers in the US. The most famous case, now before the Supreme Court, pits a group of women and their union against Johnson Controls, a company which makes batteries.60) The company transferred women from higher-paying jobs where they were exposed to lead on the grounds that it had to protect unborn children. The irony is that children born to me
公共英语四级阅读题型练*辅导3篇扩展阅读
公共英语四级阅读题型练*辅导3篇（扩展1）
——公共英语四级词汇3篇
a sense of belonging 归属感
abuse, neglect and delinquency 虐待，忽视，行为
addiction 沉溺，上瘾
adolescent 青春期的，青春的；青少年
affection 友爱，爱情
aggressive 好斗的，侵略性
aggressive behavior 进攻性行为
alluring 吸引人的
an egocentric person 自私自利的人
anomaly 不规则，异常的人或物
antisocial 不擅社交的，反社会的
armed robbery 持械抢劫
arson 纵火，纵火罪
assault 攻击
avenge oneself on 向……报仇，向……进行报复
be charged with被指控犯罪
be guilty of 有罪
be prone to social ills 易受到社会恶*的侵蚀
bully 欺凌弱小者，威吓，威逼
burglary 入室行窃
caring 有同情心的
child abuse 摧残儿童，虐待儿童
confidence, self-esteem and life skills 信心，自信和生活技能
copy 模仿
curiosity 好奇
degenerate 堕落
delinquent 违法者；违法的
depravation 颓废，堕落
depraved f 堕落的，邪恶的
detrimental 有害的
differentiate virtue from evil 辨明是非
distinguish between right and wrong 辨别是非
distinguish good from evil 分辨善恶
distinguish right from wrong 辨明是非
domestic violence 家庭暴力
drug addict 吸毒者
drugs and alcohol 毒品和酒精
dupe 易受骗的人，易受愚弄的人；欺骗，愚弄
egoist 自我主义者
emotional 情绪的，情感的
emotional exchanges 感情交流
evil 邪恶的；邪恶，罪恶
fall victims to 成为牺牲品
female violent crime 妇女暴力犯罪
follow like sheep 盲从
follow suit 跟从
go astray 误入歧途
guilty 犯罪的，有罪的
have a tremendous impact 有深远的影响
ignorance 无知
illiteracy 文盲
imitate 模仿
immature 不成熟
indecent material 猥亵的材料
inexperience 无经验，不熟练
inexperienced 经验的，不熟练的，缺乏处世之道或知识的
innocence 天真，清白
intervention 干涉
irrational 不理性的；不合理的
juvenile 青少年的
lax discipline 纪律
literacy 有文化，有教养，有读写能力
lure 引诱
mass media 大众媒体
material comforts 物质享受
mimic 模仿
misleading 引入歧途的，使人误解的，骗人的
money-oriented拜金主义的
monitoring and supervision 监管
morally corrupt 道德败坏的
naive 天真的，幼稚的
negative role model 负面的榜样
nurture 养育，教育
obsession 迷住，困扰
offender 罪犯，冒犯者
offensive material 不恰当的材料
outlaw 歹徒
parental permissiveness 家长的过分宽容
peer influence 同伴的影响
peer pressure 来自同伴的压力
perpetrate 犯（罪）
perpetrator 犯罪者，作恶者
personality traits 性格特征
perverted 不正当的
physical abuse 体罚
*ographic felt **的，**作品的
*ography 色俗文学，色借书刊
poverty贫穷，贫困
pregnancy 怀孕
prevention 预防，防止甂
primp （过分讲究地）打扮，装饰
proper guidance 恰当的指引
property 财产，所有物
prostitution 卖淫
rationalization 合理化
resist the temptation 抵挡住诱惑
respect 尊敬
retaliate 报复
risky behaviors 危险的行为
role model 行为榜样
self-centered 自我为中心的
sequacious 盲从的
sexual harassment 性骚扰
single-parent family 单亲家庭
sinister 险恶的，邪恶的
spoiled 宠坏的
strengthening the family ties 密切家庭感情
substance abuse 滥用毒品
take fantasy for reality 把虚幻当现实
take vengeance on 报仇
tempting 诱惑人的
thievery 偷窃
trusting 信任的，信赖的
untrustworthy 不能信赖的，靠不住的
unwed mother 未婚妈妈
upbringing 抚育，教养
victim 受害人，牺牲品
victimization 受害，牺牲，欺骗
violence in domestic relationships 家庭暴力
vulgar 粗俗的
wipe out illiteracy 扫除文盲
naive 天真的，幼稚的
negative role model 负面的榜样
nurture 养育，教育
obsession 迷住，困扰
offender 罪犯，冒犯者
offensive material 不恰当的材料
outlaw 歹徒
parental permissiveness 家长的过分宽容
peer influence 同伴的影响
peer pressure 来自同伴的压力
perpetrate 犯（罪）
perpetrator 犯罪者，作恶者
personality traits 性格特征
perverted 不正当的
physical abuse 体罚
*ographic felt **的，**作品的
*ography 色俗文学，色借书刊
poverty贫穷，贫困
pregnancy 怀孕
prevention 预防，防止甂
primp （过分讲究地）打扮，装饰
proper guidance 恰当的指引
property 财产，所有物
prostitution 卖淫
rationalization 合理化
resist the temptation 抵挡住诱惑
respect 尊敬
retaliate 报复
risky behaviors 危险的行为
role model 行为榜样
self-centered 自我为中心的
sequacious 盲从的
sexual harassment 性骚扰
single-parent family 单亲家庭
sinister 险恶的，邪恶的
spoiled 宠坏的
strengthening the family ties 密切家庭感情
substance abuse 滥用毒品
take fantasy for reality 把虚幻当现实
take vengeance on 报仇
tempting 诱惑人的
thievery 偷窃
trusting 信任的，信赖的
untrustworthy 不能信赖的，靠不住的
unwed mother 未婚妈妈
upbringing 抚育，教养
victim 受害人，牺牲品
victimization 受害，牺牲，欺骗
violence in domestic relationships 家庭暴力
vulgar 粗俗的
wipe out illiteracy 扫除文盲
公共英语四级阅读题型练*辅导3篇（扩展2）
——六月英语四级作文3篇
If my foreign friend comes to my hometown, I will take her to the Central Avenue .When it comes to the reasons why I choose this place, they can be briefly summed up as below. To start with, Central Avenue is a symbol of Harbin, which has a long history. There are European-style buildings in mounting numbers along the street, attracting a great many tourists to take photos with them. Moreover, a variety of delicious foods are tempting. Taking a look around, I can find examples too numerous to list. The best illustration might be ice-cream brick of Ma Dieer. Finally, brilliant historic culture can widen vision and enhance knowledge, laying a solid foundation for the understanding of this fabulous city. Harbin is a city full of vitality and energy. I believe my foreign friend will enjoy her days
here. Not only can she appreciate the landscape of the Songhua River but also taste authentic northeast food. No better place can be chosen than Central Avenue!
In China, there’s a saying that "The landscape of Guilin tops that of any other place under heaven." In light of this, I will recommend Guilin as the first destination of my foreign friend’s trip to China.
Overlooking the Li Jiang River, Guilin is located in the northeast of Guangxi. The name was derived from the cassia trees of the location. The trees line the streets of the town with yellow flowers blossoming every September, filling the air with sweet scent. Guilin is a place of breath-taking scenery. From ancient times, Guilin has been noted for its elegant landscape. It features beautiful mountains, clear rivers, grotesque rocks and
mystic crags, which is a feast for the eyes. Sitting on a bamboo raft drifting down the river, visitors can see the varied shapes of the pinnacles reflected in the water. They will feel as if they were in a scroll of Chinese landscape painting.I believe that my foreign friend will marvel at the unparalleled beauty of Guilin.
Nowadays, Internet plays a key role in our life for our various purposes, such as searching useful information or chatting online. However, as more and more people turn to the Internet for help with their problems, people begin to take searching answer online seriously.
Different people have different opinions. Some hold the view that searching answer online can have bad impacts on people. Since people can always surf on the internet to find the answers of their questions, they may get accustomed to doing it, and they are getting unwilling to solve problems by themselves. While others think that internet is a helper for people to solve a trouble.
As far as I'm concerned, we shouldn't completely depend on the Internet. When we get into troubles, we’d better seek to find solutions. We can take the answer online as an inspiration to solve our questions, but don’t ap* mechanically.
公共英语四级阅读题型练*辅导3篇（扩展3）
——大学英语四级听力在线练* (菁华3篇)
From Learning English, this is In the News.
Nouri al-Maliki said Thursday that he would leave his position as prime minister of Iraq. His decision opened the way for Haider Jawad al-Abadi to take Mr. Malikis place.
Former colleagues describe Mr. Abadi as a good speaker and a direct person who is open to the ideas of others. He will need strong qualities. Among the issues facing the new prime minister are extremist militancy, religious division and political dis*s.
The man now responsible for leading Iraq out of crisis was born in Baghdad. But he has lived much of his life outside the country. For example, he worked in Britain as an advisor in the engineering industry until the United States invaded Iraq in 2003.
His family suffered under the rule of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. Saddams government arrested two of Mr. Abadis brothers in 1980 for their association with the Dawa Party and executed them two years later. In 1981, the government arrested a third brother for the same reason. That brother survived. But he spent 10 years in prison.
Mr. Abadi also was involved in the Dawa Party while in London. He served as an active party leader in exile.
He returned home to enter politics after Saddam was ousted from leadership. As communications minister, Mr.Abadi rebuilt telephone systems that had been destroyed by war. He also brought the first mobile and Internet communications services into the country.
From Learning English, this is the Technology Report.
There are increasing calls for lawmakers to reconsider copyright laws that protect the owners of 3-D printing designs. But there is also concern that extensive laws could suppress new ideas. 3-D printers have spread from scientific labs to industrial workshops to private homes. And prices of 3-D printers continue to drop.
Designers demonstrate a large number of different machines at 3-D print shows. There are models that can produce complex copies of human organs. There are less costly 3-D printers that make toys for children or parts for home electrical devices.
One German automaker recently demonstrated an example of a car structure printed in one piece. And a Chinese manufacturer advertised a house created in a 3-D printer.
With the help of com*r, almost anyone can print exact copies of many kinds of objects. But they also violate the law in doing so.
Julie Samuels is a lawyer with the civil liberties group, Electronic Frontier Foundation. She says people should be careful about what they create when using 3-D printers.
If a certain design that you want to print is covered by copyright, then if you print that you are infringing, arguably, someones copyright, said Julie Samuels.
But 3-D companies are concerned about passing more restrictive copyright protection laws. They think these laws could place bans on the rights of citizens. They also believe restrictive copyright laws could suppress technological invention.
How Did Thanksgiving Turkey Get its Name?
感恩节“火鸡”是如何得名?
The U.S. Thanksgiving holiday is symbolized by its traditional food, a large bird we call a turkey. But turkey is certainly not from Turkey.
In fact, its English name is based on one big mistake. We could say it is a case of mistaken identity.
Let’s set the record straight.
The word “Turkey” has meant “the land of the Turks” since ancient times. The word “turkey” as it refers to the bird first appeared in the English language in the mid-1500s.
The misunderstanding over the word happened because of two similar-looking kinds of birds.
There is an African bird called the guinea fowl. It has dark feathers with white spots and a patch of brown on the back of its neck. Portuguese traders brought the guinea fowl to Europe through North Africa.
This foreign bird came to Europe through Turkish lands. So, the English thought of the bird as a “Turkish chicken.”
When Europeans came to North America, they saw a bird that looked like the guinea fowl. This bird was native to the North American continent.
Orin Hargraves is a lexicographer, someone who writes dictionaries. Hargraves explains what happened.
“Some Europeans saw an American turkey, thought that it was the guinea fowl, which at that time was called the ‘turkey cock,’ and so gave it the same name."
Hundreds of years later, we continue to call this North American bird “turkey,” even though it has no connection at all with the country Turkey, or even with Europe.
But English is not the only language with interesting -- and even questionable -- names for this North American bird.
The Turkish, for their part, call turkey “hindi,” the Turkish name for India. The reference to India probably comes from the old, wrong idea that the New World was in Eastern Asia.
The French call it “dinde,” a name that also connects the bird to India. “D’Inde” means “from India” in the French language. “Turkey” has similar names in several other languages.
So, what do they call this North American bird in India? Well, in the Hindi language, “turkey” is “tarki.”
But wait, there’s more. In Portuguese, the same bird is called “Peru,” after the South American nation.
Thanks to our VOA Learning English Facebook friends, we have a few more names for “turkey” to share with you.
The Vietnamese word for the bird is “gà ty” or western chicken. Our Facebook friend Nguyen Duc explains that “local chicken is smaller than western chicken.”
A Facebook friend in Myanmar explained that the Burmese word for “turkey” is “kyat sin.” The name translates to “elephant chicken” in English.
“That animal looks like a big chicken,” Zaw Myo Win explained.
The Dari language name for the bird, "fel murgh" also translates to “elephant chicken.”
Abdulla Kawer explained to us that “here in Afghanistan this name represents the size of this delicious meal.” He adds that he thinks the descriptive name “elephant chicken” is “better than a country name.”
I’m Ashley Thompson.
_______________________________________________________
Words in This Story
symbolize - v. to represent or express a particular idea or quality
translate - v. to change words from one language into another language
公共英语四级阅读题型练*辅导3篇（扩展4）
——英语四级写作(精选五篇)
模板一阐述观点
参考一：
When it comes to _______主题, Different people hold different attitudes to it.
Some people agree with the idea of 观点一.They point out the fact that _______阐述观点, and at the same time _______阐述观点. They also argue that _______换种形式阐述观点一. However, others don’t think so. They reckon that _______阐述观点二. They firmly point out that _______阐述观点.For example, _______举例子论证.
In a word I prefer the former或者later idea.(或者I hold the view that阐述自己的观点 )In addition to the mentioned phenomenon, _______根据自己的想法阐述观点.
参考二：
Recently,some cities are considering 主题词,which has raised people's concern.
Some people say that _______观点一. And _______继续阐述观点一. For example,_______此处可举一个常见的例子，_______更具有说服力. However, some others are opposed to the idea.They argue that 观_______点二.Besides, there are _______继续阐述观点二,for example, _______举与观点二相关的例子.
As far as I am concerned,I'm against the _______不赞同的观点.because _______原因,and _______原因.I believe we should _______做法.I think we all have responsibility to....
模板二优点与缺点
此模版适合Advantages/Disadvantages
People’s views towards the advantages and disadvantages of _______(主题词)vary greatly. Some believe/hold/think that _______(观点一)，while others argue support that _______(观点二).As for me,I agree to the former/latter idea because it’s advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
There are dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, _______(支持论点的理由一、证明理由一).
The second reason that can be seen by every person is that _______(支持论点的理由二).For example, _______(举例证明理由二).
From the above,we can easily see that _______(主题词)is beneficial to _______(总结理由一，二).
模板三观点论述
三段法结构：
首段：提出要论证的观点
第二段：通过举例的方法论述观点
末段：进一步表明观点的正确与否
In the above picture appear _______(描述图片内容) .
It reflects two distinct _______(图片所反映的表面现象)，which arise from different attitudes toward _______(图片表达更深层次的含义). On the left represents those who are _______,seeing _______.With this attitude,_______ .In contrast,_______ on the right_______(行为或做法)，regarding _______.Such attitude has an energizing effect,leading to enormous success in _______.For example,_______ .
As Seneca,an ancient Roman philosopher,once put it,“Almost any situation -----good or bad -----is affected by the attitude we bring to.”Therefore,it is advisable to _______.
名言为古罗马哲学家西尼加所说：“任何一种处境，无论好坏，都受到我们面对处境的态度的影响。”
在这里，名言警句可以根据具体所写内容所替换。所以，在准备的时候，多背几个名人的名言对我们写作是很有帮助的。
模板四观点论证
三段法：
开始段：提出观点
中间段：对观点进行论证
结尾段：总结观点，或具体做法
As is show in the picture, _______图画内容.The caption indicates, _______图画标题.The drawing,thought-provoking as it is,does mirror a current social phenomenon _______图画主题.
It is generally agreed upon that _______图画主题.On the one hand, _______原因1.On the other hand, _______原因2.What’s more, _______原因3 ._______图画的主题 has been attached much importance to.
To sum up,it is significant for people to _______结论.In my opinion,it is necessary to _______措施.As a result,we can _______预期目标 .
模板五问题解决
三步法:
开始段:说明现阶段存在的问题
中间段:分析问题产生的原因，和可能导致的后果
结尾段:提出解决方法
Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is _______存在的问题.According to a survey, _______调查结果.Therefore,it is clear that _______存在的问题 has been getting more and more serious.
Take _______举例对象 for example .To account for the phenomenon,people have come up with various causes as listed below.On the one hand, _______原因一 .On the other hand, _______原因二 .
There is no doubt the issue has exerted harmful effects on _______问题的`影响以及后果.Therefore,some measures should be taken to put an end to this problem.To begin with, _______措施一.In addition, _______措施二 .Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.
模板六给定观点
Nowadays，with _______现象，people are becoming increasingly aware of the significance of _______主题词.In my point of view, _______标题变成陈述句.There are numerous reasons to support my point of my view,and I would explore only a few of the most importance ones here.
On of the primary causes is that _______支持论点的理由一.As the saying goes,_______引用名言证明理由一 .
Another reason that can be seen by every person is that _______支持论点的理由二，阐释理由二 .
Taking into account of all these factors，we may draw the conclusion that_______重述标题观点或论点.Therefore, _______提出意见或建议 .
模板七现象阐述
As is symbolically depicted in the drawing above, _______图画内容 .
Sim*** designed as the drawing seems to be ,it does reveal that _______图画想表达的主题以及产生的原因 .
What the picture conveys goes far beyond this.Therefore,I strongly hold that_______解决办法一/观点一 .It is also of great significance to _______解决办法二/观点二 .Most importantly, _______解决办法三/观点三 . _______(可以是提出解决办法)
模板八彻底批判类型
With the prosperity of economy in modern society, _______主题 has become a problem we have to face.The problem reflected is not rare nowadays,as we always read news that _______新闻出处 .Reasons why this kind of _______现象 occurs from time to time are various.One of possible causes is _______原因 .It is also owing to the fact that .
In any causes,however, _______这种事情可能会出现的原因 could never be excuse for _______这种事情 .Hence citizens/the public should _______采取什么样的措施 to prevent _______这种事情的发生 from occurring.Additionally,efforts of individuals/one/the public should be supplemented by _______方法 ,for example,_______举例说明(可有可无) ,which would be of great significance to .
模板九理由阐述
参考一：
People _______主题 for a lot of different reasons. Some think It is good for , some other think It helps us .
_______理由一 is becoming more and more important to people. For many, this is the primary reason to _______主题 . Also, _______主题 is to _______理由二 . This often means having the opportunity to _______这样做的好处 . Besides looking for self-knowledge, people also _______主题 to _______理由三. For many, this will be their chance for a long time to _______这样做的好处.
I would recommend that people _______主题. They should _______做法 to _______这样做的目的一 and _______这样做的目的二 . Only by this way can we _______这样做的好处 .
参考二：
There is no denying that _______主题. We can easily find that _______举出一个主题相关类例子. _______用一到两句话对这个例子进行阐述。
There are two reasons that I think _______自己的观点. For one thing _______理由一._______阐述理由一, because _______理由一带来的好处. For another _______理由二. _______阐述理由二.
From my perspective of view, I do agree with _______主题. Because ......
1.绿色食品现在越来越受到消费者的青睐;
2.为什么绿色食品如此受欢迎;
3.绿色食品将有更大的发展空间。
Popularity of Green Food
Due to its high-quality and original tastes, green food appeals to more consumers. From supermmarkets to chain stores, green food is found everywhere.
Why is green food so popular even though its price is usually higher than other food? On the one hand, recently a series of issues on food safety makes customers disturbed and anxious. In order to have the reliable food, more housewives opt to select green food for their family. Green food has been labeled as a kind of healthy, delicious and fashionable food. This is perhaps the most important reason for the popularity of green food. On the other haod, with the advance in living standard, people will pay more attention to the quality of food and their raised income is enough to cover the expenditure of food with a comparatively high price.
With the development of the society, green food is certainly to hold a larger portion in the market. In the near future, people will be accustomed to enjoy the fresh vegetable, fruits and cereals without pesticide residues, artificial feed and contarnination.
绿色食品凭借它的高品质和天然味道，为众多消费者所钟爱。从大型超市到连锁店，到处能找到绿色食品的身影。
绿色食品的价格往往高于普通食品，为什么还能如此受欢迎呢?一方面，最*一系列的食品安全事件使消费者心有余悸。为了买到更值得信赖的食品，更多的家庭主妇选择了绿色食品。绿色食品已成为健康、美味和时尚食品的代表。这也许是绿色食品受欢迎的最重要的原因。另一方面，随着生活水*的提高，人们更关注食品的质量，而他们的收入也足以支付价格比较高的食品。
随着社会的发展，绿色食品必然在市场中占据更大的比例。在不久的将来，人们会*惯于品尝没有杀虫剂、人工饲料和污染的新鲜蔬菜、水果和谷物。
Directions:
Write a composition entitled Saving Wild Animals. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chiness.
1.野生动物的数量越来越少;
2.是什么原因造成野生动物的.数量越来越少;
3.保护野生动物的措施。
Saving Wild Animals
Tbere is an undeniable fad that the number of wild animals is declining faster than ever before. This problem is so serious that it has aroused great concem to explore some reasons for this phenomenon.
Tbere are several underlying factors for the declining number of wild animals. Firstly, with the fast development of human society, the environment is seriously destroyed and wild animals lose their habitats . Accordingly, some species become extinct or on the verge of extinction. What's more, people hunt wild animals for food and skin. A good case in point is that the Japanese have killed a lot of whales because they like to eat the meat. In addition, human beings are largely responsible for the pollution of natural environment, and poison wild animals in many ways.
The current problem, I believe, should be solved immediately. For one thing, our govemment should play a key role in making relevant rules and protecting wild animals. For anotber, the general public should be educated to value the existence of these animals on our planet. With the efforts of all concerned, more and more animals will be saved and protected.
有一个不可否认的事实，野生动物的数量正在以前所未有的速度下降。这个问题是如此严重，已经引起了极大的关注去探讨这种现象的一些原因。
野生动物数量的减少有几个基本的原因。首先，随着人类社会的快速发展，环境被严重破坏，野生动物失去它们的栖息地。因此，一些物种灭绝或濒临灭绝。更重要的是，人们捕猎野生动物以获取食物和皮毛。一个很好的例子是，日本人杀害了大量的鲸，因为他们喜欢吃肉。此外，对自然环境的污染，野生动物的毒害，人类在许多方面负有主要责任。
我相信，目前存在的问题应立即解决。一方面，我国**在制定相关规定和保护野生动物方面应当发挥关键作用。另一方面，要教育广大民众珍惜我们这个星球上的这些动物的存在。在有关方面的努力下，越来越多的动物将会得到保护。
Great books are those that contain the best materials on which the human mind can work in order to gain insight, understanding, and wisdom. Each of them, in its own way, raises the recurrent basic questions which men must face. Because these questions are never completely solved, these books are the sources and monuments of a continuing intellectual tradition.
Garl Van Doren once referred to great books as “the books that never have to be written again.” They are the rare, perfect achievements of sustained excellence. Their beauty and clarity show that they are masterpieces of the fine as well as of the liberal arts. Such books are justifiably called great whether they are books of science, poetry, theology, mathematics, or politics.
The richness of great books shows itself in the many levels of meaning they contain. They lend themselves to a variety of interpretations. This does not mean they are ambiguous or that their integrity is compromised. The different interpretations complement one another and allow the reader to discover the unity of the work from a variety of perspectives. We need not read other books more than once to get all that they have to say. But we can always go deeper into great books. As sources of enlightenment they are inexhaustible.
The interest in many good books that are written is limited to a definite period of history. They do not exhibit the universal appeal that results from dealing with the fundamental questions which confront men in all times and places and in a way that men in all times and places can understand. Great books, on the contrary, transcend the provincial limits of their origin①. They remain as world literature. The ones we are sure are great are the ones men everywhere turn to again and again through the centuries.
Chapter One 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题.
e.g
[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently. 在谈到.....,广大/绝大多数人的要求说.......但我觉得/观点有点不同。
[2]. When it comes to .... , some people believe that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I tend to the previous/latter ) 当涉及到....有些人认为.......一些人则认为/声称，相反/恰恰相反。可能有一些在两个参数真理/报表，但(我更倾向于前/后
[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether......
现在，它通常是/一般/普遍认为/月/承认，....他们声称/相信/认为...不过，我怀疑/怀疑.....
1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .
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